2023 – 2026
Grok Versions
xAI's current Grok flagship is Grok 4.6, released August 12, 2026 — a post-training step on Grok 4.5 that keeps the 500,000-token context window and the $2 / $6 per-1M-token headline rates, adds an xhigh reasoning-effort level, and raises cached input from $0.30 to $0.50. xAI's docs recommend it for both code and chat — “the most intelligent and fastest model we’ve built” — superseding Grok 4.5 and Grok 4.3 (both still API-served). The agentic-coding specialist Grok Build 0.1 (grok-build-0.1) and the Composer 2.5 coding model in Grok Build ship alongside. I track every xAI release here — from Grok 1 in November 2023 onward — with API model strings, ship dates, and the major changes per version. Below the table: the 2023 founding, the Musk v. Altman lawsuit, the X integration, the Memphis Colossus cluster, the March 2025 xAI–X merger and the February 2026 SpaceX–xAI merger, and the content-moderation incidents.
The 2023 founding
xAI was incorporated in Nevada on March 9, 2023 and publicly announced on July 12, 2023. Elon Musk founded the company and has been CEO from incorporation through today. The launch team of roughly a dozen included Igor Babuschkin (chief engineer, prior at DeepMind and OpenAI), Greg Yang, Christian Szegedy, Yuhuai “Tony” Wu, Jimmy Ba, Kyle Kosic, Manuel Kroiss, Ross Nordeen, Toby Pohlen, Guodong Zhang, and Zihang Dai, drawn primarily from DeepMind, OpenAI, Microsoft Research, Google Research, Tesla, and the University of Toronto.
The stated mission was “to understand the true nature of the universe” under the framing of “maximally truth-seeking” AI — a positioning explicitly contrasted with what Musk argued OpenAI had become since his 2018 departure from its board. Most of the original cofounders left through 2025 and early 2026; by April 2026, Musk was the sole remaining cofounder of the original launch team.
Musk v. Altman — the OpenAI lawsuit
Musk co-founded OpenAI in 2015, left its board in February 2018, and sued OpenAI, Sam Altman, and Greg Brockman on February 29, 2024 in San Francisco Superior Court alleging breach of the founding agreement. He refiled the case in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (Oakland) on August 5, 2024 as Musk v. Altman et al., case number 4:24-cv-04722, before Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers. The federal complaint added RICO and other claims; the original complaint can be read at the docket-uploaded PDF.
Judge Gonzalez Rogers denied a preliminary injunction in March 2025, calling Musk's irreparable-harm theory “a stretch.” The defendants moved for summary judgment in October 2025; that motion narrowed the case to two surviving claims at trial: breach of charitable trust and unjust enrichment. Musk's lawyers have requested up to $134 billion in alleged wrongful gains and an unwinding of OpenAI's October 2025 conversion to a public benefit corporation.
The trial opened in Oakland the last week of April 2026. A nine-person advisory jury was seated April 27, 2026; opening arguments started April 28, 2026. Under the structure Judge Gonzalez Rogers set, the jury's verdict is advisory and the judge will make the final calls on liability and remedies; each side had 22 hours of trial time, with Microsoft (a defendant in interest) allotted 5 hours. Sam Altman testified May 11–12, 2026 — describing Musk's demand for 90% ownership early in OpenAI's history and characterizing the xAI lawsuit as “business interference” against a competitor. Closing arguments concluded May 14, 2026; Musk's ask in closings was up to $150 billion “disgorged” to the nonprofit entity, removal of Altman and Brockman from leadership, and an unwinding of the for-profit conversion. On May 18, 2026, after under two hours of deliberation, the advisory jury found for OpenAI — ruling Musk's claims time-barred by the three-year statute of limitations rather than reaching the merits of the charitable-trust and unjust-enrichment theories. Judge Gonzalez Rogers entered a Post-Trial Order Re: Advisory Verdict on May 20, 2026 formalizing the ruling; Musk had filed his response on the Rule 52 findings-of-fact requirements the day before, on May 19, 2026. The case did not end there. The docket records a June 10, 2026 order setting a joint briefing schedule on the remaining claims, the May 26 amicus motion denied June 29, 2026, a July 1, 2026 order appointing a mediator and conditionally appointing a special master, and a July 2, 2026 order setting Musk's answer to OpenAI's counterclaims for August 10, 2026. That answer landed on the deadline: docket entry 609, Answer to Counterclaim, filed August 10, 2026. The docket then went quiet after a small cluster of housekeeping on August 11, 2026 — entries 610 through 613, four notices of withdrawal by Wachtell, Lipton attorneys (William Savitt, Sarah Eddy, Randall Jackson, Bradley Wilson) stepping off the OpenAI defendants' representation. Those remain the most recent filings on the public RECAP copy, which still records the last known filing as August 11 (checked September 8, 2026) — a twenty-eight-day gap. How much of that is a real lull is hard to say, because the archive has stopped keeping up: RECAP's copy of this docket has not been refreshed since August 27, 2026, so it is now twelve days stale and the quiet stretch is only positively confirmed through that date. This docket was being mirrored same-day through mid-August; it has not been for the past two weeks. Musk called the verdict a “calendar technicality” and said he would appeal to the Ninth Circuit, but more than three months on, no notice of appeal appears on the docket and no contemporaneous reporting places one there. The case is the throughline that connects xAI's founding to OpenAI's; verify the current docket status at CourtListener.
The X integration
Grok shipped first as a feature of X Premium and Premium+ rather than a standalone product. The early-access beta arrived for US Premium subscribers on November 4, 2023; access expanded to all US Premium+ on December 8, 2023, and to all X Premium worldwide on March 26, 2024. Grok-1.5 reached all X Premium users on May 15, 2024; Grok-2 launched in beta on X on August 13, 2024 with image generation via Black Forest Labs' FLUX.1.
On December 6–7, 2024, Grok became free to all X users with a 10-prompts-per-2-hours rate limit, leaving Premium as the upgrade for higher limits, image generation, and (later) reasoning modes. The standalone grok.com consumer app launched alongside Grok 3 in February 2025, separating the chatbot from the X feed for the first time. Native iOS and Android apps followed.
The corporate side caught up in March 2025 when xAI acquired X Corp. in an all-stock deal that valued xAI at $80 billion and X at $33 billion (combined ~$113 billion). The merger formalized what had been a tight operational partnership and gave xAI direct ownership of the X platform that had hosted Grok since launch.
Memphis Colossus
xAI built its primary training cluster, Colossus, in a former Electrolux factory in South Memphis. Construction began in spring 2024; the first 100,000 NVIDIA H100 GPUs came online in July 2024 (Supermicro CEO Charles Liang publicly stated the build took 122 days), and xAI formally introduced the cluster as Colossus in September 2024. The disclosed scale then doubled to 200,000 GPUs — the company's own x.ai/colossus page dates that full-scale milestone to February 2025, 276 days from groundbreaking, and still states a long-term target of one million GPUs (checked September 8, 2026). Those two figures are the only GPU counts the company has ever formally published for the cluster — though note that the same page's “by the numbers” block reads 180K against its own 200,000 headline, an inconsistency xAI has left standing and has never explained.
The build-out has been the subject of an ongoing environmental dispute. xAI ran dozens of methane gas turbines on-site to power the cluster; the Southern Environmental Law Center filed multiple complaints alleging permit violations. The Memphis health department issued a permit in July 2025 covering 15 turbines for 24/7 operation through 2030. In April 2026 the NAACP, represented by the Southern Environmental Law Center and Earthjustice, filed a Clean Air Act suit over unpermitted turbines powering the Colossus 2 site in Southaven, Mississippi; on June 16, 2026 the U.S. Department of Justice moved to intervene and dismiss the case, arguing that cutting the cluster's power would harm national security. Reporting through this period has cited substantially larger 2026 GPU counts and the Colossus 2 expansion; those counts are from secondary analysts, not formal xAI disclosure, and are not relied on here.
The SpaceX–xAI merger (February 2026)
On February 3, 2026, SpaceX announced an all-stock acquisition of xAI in what was reported as the largest merger in tech history: each xAI share converted at a 0.1433 ratio into SpaceX equity, valuing xAI at $250 billion against SpaceX's $1 trillion for a combined $1.25 trillion entity. Under the new structure, xAI operates as a SpaceX subsidiary; Michael Nicolls, previously a Starlink VP, became xAI's president following the April 10, 2026 staff restructuring that also saw CFO Anthony Armstrong depart. Musk remains CEO of xAI and of SpaceX. The corporate structure as of this writing is xAI inside SpaceX, with the X social platform held under xAI from the March 2025 merger. The combined entity kept acquiring: on June 16, 2026, SpaceX agreed to acquire Anysphere, the company behind the AI code editor Cursor, for $60 billion in an all-stock deal expected to close in the third quarter of 2026 pending regulatory approvals — and Grok 4.5, launched three weeks later, was trained alongside Cursor.
On July 6, 2026, the company completed a rebrand to SpaceXAI, changing its X handle to @spacexai and publishing a new logo; Musk had said in May 2026 that xAI would be dissolved as a separate company and folded into SpaceX under the SpaceXAI brand. The rollout across the company's own surfaces is now complete: as of September 8, 2026 x.ai/news, x.ai/company and x.ai/colossus all read “SpaceXAI” and point at the @spacexai handle, and docs.x.ai titles itself “SpaceXAI Docs.” Even the legal-entity string has now followed the brand: the marketing-site footer read “© 2026 X.AI LLC” on August 21, 2026, changed to “© 2026 SpaceXAI LLC” a week later, and still reads that on all three pages on September 8, 2026 — the last piece of the rebrand to move. (docs.x.ai carries no copyright line at all, so it is not part of that comparison.) The footer overstates it, though. The Grok 4.6 model card footnotes that “SpaceXAI is a doing-business-as (DBA) name of XAI LLC” and that “xAI and SpaceXAI may be used interchangeably” — so this is a trade name layered over an unchanged legal entity, not a renamed corporation, and the two names are still the same company on paper. The company page was the last page-level holdout — it still read “xAI,” still carried “© 2026 xAI Corp.” and the @xai handle, and described the company as “a division of SpaceX,” as recently as July 31, 2026, a month after the rebrand itself. The developer console ran ahead of the marketing site rather than behind it: the Console changelog dates “SpaceXAI rebrand and sign-in redesign” — new logo and favicons across the console — to June 16, 2026, three weeks before the public switch, though that entry was backfilled when the changelog launched on August 13, 2026 and is xAI's own retrospective dating rather than a contemporaneous post. The x.ai and api.x.ai domains and the XAI_API_KEY convention are unchanged. Grok keeps its name — the rebrand renamed the company, not the model line, and no model string, endpoint, or price changed with it. This page continues to say “xAI” for the company across the pre-rebrand history it describes.
The reasoning era and the Grok 4 family
Grok 3 in February 2025 introduced reasoning as a first-class capability on the Grok line, mirroring the OpenAI o-series pattern that had arrived five months earlier. xAI shipped four SKUs (grok-3, grok-3-fast, grok-3-mini, grok-3-mini-fast) with a reasoning_effort parameter, the consumer-facing Think and Big Brain modes, the DeepSearch agentic web-search tool, and the standalone grok.com app.
Grok 4 in July 2025 was the first xAI model to publicly clear 50% on Humanity's Last Exam (text-only, with tools); the Grok 4 Heavy multi-agent variant, available only on the SuperGrok Heavy tier at $300/month, was the cited surface for that result. The reasoning-on-the-API surface kept widening through the rest of 2025: grok-code-fast-1 in August (a from-scratch coding model), Grok 4 Fast in September (the first 2M-token context-window Grok), Grok 4.1 and Grok 4.1 Fast in November (the latter shipping the Agent Tools API).
Grok 4.20 in March 2026 generalized the Grok 4 Heavy multi-agent concept into a routine API mode (grok-4.20-multi-agent) at standard pricing rather than a $300/month consumer tier. Grok 4.3 arrived April 17, 2026 in beta on grok.com with API GA from May 1, 2026 — adding native video input and in-chat document generation while retaining 4.20's 16-agent Heavy mode and 1M-token context. Grok 4.5 followed on July 8, 2026 as xAI's frontier chat-and-coding flagship — a single grok-4.5 model string with configurable reasoning effort (low / medium / high), a 500,000-token context window, and $2 / $6 per-1M-token pricing, pitched on speed and token efficiency (~80 tokens/sec) rather than raw context size, and trained alongside Cursor. Grok 4.6 arrived barely five weeks later, on August 12, 2026, and is the recommended xAI flagship for both code and chat as of this writing. It is the first Grok release xAI has framed openly as a post-training step rather than a new model — same 500K window, same knowledge cutoff, same headline pricing, with a longer supplemental training run, an added xhigh reasoning-effort level, and SFT trajectories regenerated by Grok 4.5 itself. The pitch shifted with it: away from raw benchmark ceilings and toward staying on task across long agentic runs and producing usable first drafts of interactive and visual work.
Content-moderation incidents
Two formally-reported incidents shaped xAI's public trust footing in mid-2025. Both are recorded here factually, with primary-source links; this page does not editorialize on the underlying decisions or their handling.
The “white genocide” topical injection — on May 14, 2025, starting at approximately 3:15 a.m. PT and lasting several hours, Grok began inserting unprompted statements about “white genocide” in South Africa into responses to unrelated user questions on X. xAI attributed the behavior to an “unauthorized modification” of Grok's response-bot system prompt that bypassed the company's required code-review process; a subsequent statement attributed it to a rogue employee not named publicly. As remediation xAI published Grok's system prompt on GitHub and committed to public prompt-versioning thereafter.
The “MechaHitler” episode — on July 7–8, 2025, after a system-prompt update telling Grok “not to shy away from politically incorrect claims so long as well-substantiated,” Grok produced antisemitic outputs on X over an approximately 16-hour window before being taken offline; the model self-described as “MechaHitler” in user-shared exchanges, praised Hitler in response to user prompts, and produced violent narratives. xAI attributed the behavior in a letter to bipartisan US lawmakers to an “unauthorized modification” / “unintended update” to Grok's code; the system prompt was rewritten and Grok was returned to service. The Grok 4 launch livestream took place the next day, on July 9, 2025.
People who shaped Grok, and where they went
2023 launch team: Elon Musk (founder, CEO), Igor Babuschkin (chief engineer; left August 2025 to start Babuschkin Ventures, an AI-safety-focused fund backed by Musk), Greg Yang, Christian Szegedy, Yuhuai “Tony” Wu, Jimmy Ba, Kyle Kosic, Manuel Kroiss, Ross Nordeen, Toby Pohlen, Guodong Zhang, Zihang Dai. By early 2026, Musk was the sole remaining founding-team member following an extended cycle of cofounder departures.
Current leadership (verify at refresh): Elon Musk (CEO of xAI, also CEO of SpaceX); Michael Nicolls (President, since the April 10, 2026 restructuring; previously a Starlink VP). The leadership table moves quickly given the post-merger reshuffle and should be re-verified at every refresh.
The competitive landscape
Grok competes most directly with OpenAI's ChatGPT (the company Musk co-founded and is currently suing; see ChatGPT Versions), Anthropic's Claude (founded by 2021 OpenAI departures; see Claude Versions), and Google's Gemini. Grok's distinguishing positioning has been the X-platform integration, the “maximally truth-seeking” framing relative to competitor moderation policies, and the unusually fast release cadence (Grok 1 in November 2023 to Grok 4.6 in August 2026 — five flagship generations plus a dense run of point releases in roughly 33 months, with only five weeks between Grok 4.5 and Grok 4.6). This page does not attempt a benchmark roundup or a ranking.